{"id":1538,"date":"2014-10-01T07:05:06","date_gmt":"2014-10-01T06:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/china-research\/?p=1538"},"modified":"2014-10-01T09:19:14","modified_gmt":"2014-10-01T08:19:14","slug":"chinas-historical-options","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/china-research\/?p=1538","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s Historical Options"},"content":{"rendered":"

Summary<\/em><\/p>\n

In this article, this year’s annual position paper of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in<\/strong> China<\/strong> (EUCCC) is described.<\/p>\n

This time, the angle of the European Chamber is to comment on the far-reaching reforms from the decision document of the Third Plenum last year and to suggest what needs to be done by China to succeed with its ambitious reform plans.<\/p>\n

The Chamber goes as far as to say that China has no other choice but to stick to reforms. If China makes the wrong choices at the critical crossroads where the country is at present, China may risk never getting past the “middle income trap”. The core issue of the reforms is to truly allow the market forces to play a decisive role in the resource allocation of the Chinese society.<\/p>\n

The Executive Summary<\/strong> of the Chamber is divided into three headlines:<\/p>\n

1) The role of the market: <\/em>the need of rebalancing the economy, of financial reforms, fiscal reforms, State Owned Enterprises reforms, market access and the freedom of companies to choose strategic service providers.<\/p>\n

2) Quality of life:<\/em> China is now shifting focus from blind pursuit of growth at any price to enhancing the quality of life of its inhabitants. This section covers areas such as the environment, urbanisation, health care, food safety, internet management, the rule of law and the role of the marketplace in innovation.<\/p>\n

3) China and the world<\/em>: This chapter welcomes China’s awakened leadership ambitions in the global rule-setting organisations. Convergence of the Chinese regulatory frameworks with international norms will ensure that China will strengthen its position as an integrated part of global supply chains and that the global competitiveness of Chinese innovations will grow.<\/p>\n

To summarize: The recommendations provided by the European industry in China will not only further strengthen the interests of European companies in China, but will also help China to build a much better general business environment to the benefit of all companies irrespective of ownership form or national origins.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kina vid ett historiskt v\u00e4gval<\/h2>\n

Genom fyrtiotalet arbetsgrupper framf\u00f6r Europeiska Handelskammaren i Kina (EUCCC) \u00e5rligen rekommendationer fr\u00e5n sina dryga 1800 medlemmar till den kinesiska regeringen om hur aff\u00e4rsklimatet i Kina skall kunna bli b\u00e4ttre. Detta omfattande arbete presenteras i ett positionspapper.<\/p>\n

Sedan n\u00e5gra \u00e5r tillbaka \u00e4r den s\u00e5 kallade executive summary<\/strong> kanske den intressantaste delen, i varje fall om man vill f\u00f6rst\u00e5 hur europeisk industri ser p\u00e5 Kinas stora utmaningar. I \u00e5rets executive summary \u00e4r texten indelad i tre avdelningar: 1) Marknadens roll i samh\u00e4llet, 2) Livskvalitet och 3) Kinas roll i v\u00e4rlden.<\/p>\n

Sedan Kina presenterade sitt sextiopunkts beslutdokument om ekonomiska och sociala reformer st\u00e5r det helt klart att Kina befinner sig vid – f\u00f6rmodligen – det viktigaste v\u00e4gvalet i modern kinesisk historia; antingen genomf\u00f6r man reformerna fullt ut och med kraft och har en chans att \u00f6vervinna de stora och otaliga utmaningar som Kina st\u00e5r inf\u00f6r. Eller s\u00e5 tvekar man och riskerar att
\nf\u00e5 en stagnerande utveckling, d\u00e4r problemens sv\u00e5righetsgrad kan komma att utg\u00f6ra ett hot mot Kina, s\u00e5 som vi k\u00e4nner det idag. Eftersom Kina redan \u00e4r en mycket viktig del av v\u00e4rldsekonomin och en allt viktigare politisk supermakt \u00e4r Kinas \u00f6de v\u00e5rt allas \u00f6de.<\/p>\n

Kammaren vill i sitt executive summary peka p\u00e5 de l\u00f6ften till reform som Kina presenterade i sextiopunktsdokumentet f\u00f6r knappt ett \u00e5r sedan. EUCCC kommer med konstruktiva f\u00f6rslag till hur dessa skall kunna genomf\u00f6ras. Nyckelfr\u00e5gan f\u00f6r framg\u00e5ng \u00e4r att l\u00e5ta marknaden spela den avg\u00f6rande rollen i allokeringen av resurser som sextiopunktsdokumentet har som centralt tema. Detta i sin tur inneb\u00e4r att staten m\u00e5ste omdefiniera sin roll i samh\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att den organiskt v\u00e4xande delen av ekonomin skall kunna frodas.<\/p>\n

Utan l\u00e5ngtg\u00e5ende finansiella reformer blir detta sv\u00e5rt. Utan att minska de statliga f\u00f6retagens dominans i ekonomin kommer glastak forts\u00e4tta att existera som f\u00f6rsv\u00e5rar f\u00f6r privata f\u00f6retag att v\u00e4xa sig riktigt stora och livskraftiga. F\u00f6r att staten fullt ut skall kunna spela sin nya roll och f\u00f6r att minska de snedvridande effekterna av att underfinansierade st\u00e4der, kommuner och distrikt f\u00f6r sin f\u00f6rs\u00f6rjning s\u00e4ljer ut mark och l\u00e5nar upp pengar inom den informella l\u00e5nesektorn m\u00e5ste genomgripande reformer av skattesystemet genomf\u00f6ras.<\/p>\n

Vidare m\u00e5ste marknaderna \u00f6ppnas f\u00f6r j\u00e4mlik konkurrens mellan alla marknadsakt\u00f6rer – oavsett deras \u00e4garbakgrund. Statens uppgift \u00e4r att st\u00e5 som garant f\u00f6r \u00f6ppna och transparenta marknader med tydliga ramar innanf\u00f6r vilka marknadskrafterna kan spela sin roll. Slutligen m\u00e5ste marknadsakt\u00f6rer till\u00e5tas full frihet att arbeta med den kommersiella infrastruktur som de beh\u00f6ver f\u00f6r att fatta v\u00e4lavv\u00e4gda beslut d\u00e4r risk st\u00e4lls mot aff\u00e4rsm\u00f6jligheter. Det inneb\u00e4r konkret att banker, jurister, redovisningsfirmor, strategikonsulter, kvalitetsinspekt\u00f6rer osv m\u00e5ste kunna erbjuda sina tj\u00e4nster utan begr\u00e4nsningar p\u00e5dyvlade av staten.<\/p>\n

Under de f\u00f6rsta trettiofem \u00e5ren av den stora reformprocessen sedan 1979 har mycket av statens fokus handlat om att \u00e5teruppr\u00e4tta landet Kina. I denna ambition har staten oftast st\u00e5tt p\u00e5 (de statliga) f\u00f6retagens sida. Medan Kina blivit allt rikare fr\u00e5gar sig alltfler m\u00e4nniskor i Kina om deras liv egentligen blivit s\u00e5 mycket b\u00e4ttre. De t\u00e4nker p\u00e5 milj\u00f6problem, arbetsl\u00f6shet, skyh\u00f6ga priser p\u00e5 bost\u00e4der, mats\u00e4kerhet, korruption, trafikstockningar, fula och opersonliga bostadsomr\u00e5den osv. Att nu \u00e5tervinna folkets f\u00f6rtroende har kommit att bli en \u00f6verlevnadsfr\u00e5ga f\u00f6r partiet. Fr\u00e5n och med nu m\u00e5ste m\u00e4nniskans livskvalitet s\u00e4ttas i centrum.<\/p>\n

Den Europeiska Handelskammaren delar denna uppfattning om livskvalit\u00e9n och kan l\u00e4tt dra p\u00e5 Europas egen erfarenhet fr\u00e5n de olika medlemsl\u00e4ndernas utveckling sedan andra v\u00e4rldskrigets slut. Den nya kinesiska regeringen under premi\u00e4rminister Li Keqiang ser d\u00e4rf\u00f6r en ny typ av urbanisering som svaret p\u00e5 livskvalitetsfr\u00e5gan. Beboeliga st\u00e4der kr\u00e4ver ett systemt\u00e4nkande som Kina hittills visat lite prov p\u00e5, men nya tag skulle kunna leda till b\u00e5de mer h\u00e5llbara st\u00e4der, h\u00f6gre innovationskraft och ett mer omfattande socialt skyddsn\u00e4t. Den enskildes r\u00e4tt till ett dr\u00e4gligt och tryggt liv kan ej separeras fr\u00e5n ett v\u00e4l fungerande och oberoende r\u00e4ttssystem. \u00c4ven om Kina nu aviserat att just r\u00e4ttssystemet kommer att vara huvudfr\u00e5gan vid partiets kommande fj\u00e4rde plenarsession menar Handelskammaren att h\u00e4r finns mycket att \u00f6nska med h\u00e4nsyn till de mycket djupa reformbehoven. Vi menar ocks\u00e5 att ett ocensurerat och snabbt internet \u00e4r kanske den enskilde m\u00e4nniskans st\u00f6rsta garant f\u00f6r att kunna v\u00e4rja sig mot maktmissbruk och andra missf\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden.<\/p>\n

Slutligen har Kina, som \u00e4r v\u00e4l bekant, redan blivit v\u00e4rlden st\u00f6rsta handelsnation. Tillverkningsaktiviteter i Kina \u00e4r redan djupt integrerade i globala leverant\u00f6rs- och v\u00e4rdef\u00f6r\u00e4dlingskedjor. N\u00e4r arbetskraftskostnader och andra produktionskostnader nu stiger \u00e4r det \u00e4nnu viktigare att Kina p\u00e5 andra s\u00e4tt beh\u00e5ller sin konkurrenskraft och attraktivitet. Detta sker b\u00e4st genom en konvergens mot omv\u00e4rlden med h\u00e4nsyn till internationell handelspolitik, standards, investeringsavtal och annat som g\u00f6r det effektivt att producera och utveckla i Kina. Kina m\u00e5ste ta sitt ansvar genom att g\u00f6ra WTO till den viktigaste internationella plattformen f\u00f6r handelspolitik och genom att s\u00f6ka inflytande i andra viktiga internationella organisationer som skapar en b\u00e4ttre fungerande v\u00e4rldsekonomi.<\/p>\n

Vi europ\u00e9er v\u00e4lkomnar kinesiska investeringar i Europa och garanterar att kinesiska f\u00f6retag kommer att behandlas p\u00e5 samma s\u00e4tt som vilka andra f\u00f6retag som helst i v\u00e5ra ekonomier.<\/p>\n

Europeiska Handelskammaren i Kina f\u00f6retr\u00e4der inte bara sina drygt 1800 medlemmar och deras intressen. Faktum \u00e4r att alla rekommendationer i EUCCC:s positionspapper syftar till att g\u00f6ra Kina till en b\u00e4ttre marknad f\u00f6r alla<\/em> akt\u00f6rer – vare sig de \u00e4r kinesiska, utl\u00e4ndska, privata eller statliga.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mats Harborn<\/em><\/strong>
\nVice Chairman, European Union Chamber of Commerce in China (EUCCC)
\n\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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