{"id":145,"date":"2009-12-15T18:03:14","date_gmt":"2009-12-15T16:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fromlet.bbsresearch.se\/?p=145"},"modified":"2009-12-15T18:03:14","modified_gmt":"2009-12-15T16:03:14","slug":"happiness-economics-ett-forskningsamne-med-sympativinster-happiness-economics-a-still-unexplored-research-topic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145","title":{"rendered":"\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d – a still unexplored research topic"},"content":{"rendered":"

Summary<\/strong>
\n<\/em>Psychology is gaining momentum in economic research \u2013 though with visible opposition from traditional economists. \u201cHappiness economics\u201d, for example, still is in its scientific beginning. Better skills in \u201chappiness economics\u201d may contribute to neglected welfare gains in a society. The risks for political abuse in the shelter of \u201chappiness economics\u201d should be limited in a transparent and democratic country.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u00e5gra dagar f\u00f6re jul eller f\u00f6re ny\u00e5r g\u00f6r man ofta ett facit \u00f6ver det g\u00e5ngna \u00e5ret. Har det g\u00e5tt bra? Har f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntningar p\u00e5 mig, mitt f\u00f6retag eller rent av mitt land infriats? Finns det anledning att vara glad?<\/p>\n

Dylika funderingar m\u00e5 os\u00f6kt leda till en vetenskapsgren som p\u00e5 senare \u00e5r f\u00e5tt \u00f6kad uppm\u00e4rksamhet \u2013 \u201dhappiness economics\u201d (lyckans ekonomi). Vad \u00e4r egentligen den ekonomiska politikens ultimata m\u00e5l?<\/p>\n

Skotten Adam Smith st\u00e4llde f\u00f6r cirka 250 \u00e5r sedan str\u00e4van efter lyckan som fr\u00e4msta m\u00e5l f\u00f6r all ekonomisk aktivitet. Drygt 150 \u00e5r senare konstaterade dock den engelske ekonomen Alfred Marshall att ekonomin inte l\u00e4ngre var inriktad p\u00e5 \u201dhuman well-being\u201d utan snarare p\u00e5 materiella \u00f6nskem\u00e5l (\u201dmaterial requisites\u201d).<\/p>\n

Under 1900-talet konverterades ekonomin alltmer till \u201dhard science\u201d. P\u00e5 senare tid har dock \u201dhappiness economics\u201d f\u00e5tt en synlig ren\u00e4ssans. Forskning visar att dagens generationer \u00e4r rikare \u00e4n f\u00f6rf\u00e4dernas \u2013 men mestadels inte lyckligare. Richard Easterlin \u2013 idag n\u00e5got omstridd p g a hans metodval – observerade detta redan f\u00f6r 30 \u00e5r sedan. Milton Friedman f\u00f6rknippade v\u00e4lm\u00e5ende med \u201da life of freedom\u201d. Nobelpristagare Edmund Phelps gav sin syn p\u00e5 v\u00e4lbefinnade vid nobelf\u00f6rel\u00e4sningen 2007 med f\u00f6ljande ord: \u201dA good economy must support the development of the individual … – good life is to discover the talents.\u201d I dessa dagar exempelvis \u2013 och fram\u00f6ver \u2013 f\u00f6rknippar s\u00e4kerligen allt fler m\u00e4nniskor p\u00e5 detta jordklot \u201chappiness\u201dmed en b\u00e4ttre miljo f\u00f6r sig sj\u00e4lva, barn och barnbarn (se exempelvis papers av Heinz Welsch, universitetet i Oldenburg).<\/p>\n

Numera publiceras allt fler \u201dpapers\u201d i \u00e4mnet i prestigetidskrifter och b\u00f6cker \u2013 med nobelpristagaren Daniel Kahneman (Princeton), Bruno Frey (Z\u00fcrich) och Richard Layard (LSE) i spetsen.\u00a0 \u00c4ven den Interamerikanska Utvecklingsbanken (IBRD) har b\u00f6rjat intressera sig f\u00f6r \u00e4mnet. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Layard till exempel \u00e4r mycket kritisk till ekonomernas moderna budord: \u00d6kad produktivitet och r\u00f6rlighet p\u00e5 arbetsmarknaden. Han menar att dessa moderna krav inneb\u00e4r bl\u00a0a h\u00e4lsorisker, fler sjukdomar och d\u00e4rmed ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lf\u00e4rdsf\u00f6rluster.<\/p>\n

F\u00f6r makroekonomer \u00e4r BNP den mest k\u00e4nda och anv\u00e4nda indikatorn. Detta \u00e4r naturligt, eftersom (n\u00e4stan) all produktion av varor och tj\u00e4nster under en viss period sammanfattas i bruttonationalprodukten. En hel del BNP-ingredienser bidrar dock f\u00f6ga till \u00f6kat v\u00e4lm\u00e5ende. Samtidigt r\u00e4knas inte faktorer med positiva v\u00e4lm\u00e5endeeffekter in i BNP. Hit h\u00f6r exempelvis h\u00e4lsa, familj, goda v\u00e4nner, fritid, milj\u00f6, religion, tillfredst\u00e4llelse p\u00e5 jobbet m\u00a0m \u2013 faktorer som ligger utanf\u00f6r ekonomin och ekonomisk grundforskning.<\/p>\n

Lycka har ocks\u00e5 relativa dimensioner. Unders\u00f6kningar visar exempelvis att testpersoner hellre tj\u00e4nar 50\u00a0000 USD om \u00e5ret om den genomsnittliga inkomsten i branschen \u00e4r 25\u00a0000 USD \u00e4n 100\u00a0000 USD vid en genomsnittsinkomst p\u00e5 200\u00a0000 USD.<\/p>\n

Kan kunskaps\u00f6kning g\u00f6ra lycklig? I princip ja, vilket bland annat tyska unders\u00f6kningar visar (Georg-Simon-Ohm- Hochschule, N\u00fcrnberg). P\u00e5 f\u00f6retagsniv\u00e5 missas dock fortfarande m\u00e5nga chanser i syfte att ge arbetskraft med p\u00e5 senare tid h\u00f6jd utbildnings- och kompetensniv\u00e5 erforderlig stimulans och uppbackning. Detta \u00e4r sl\u00f6seri med egna resurser och f\u00f6retagsekonomiskt rent av dumt. Att ge de anst\u00e4llda en k\u00e4nsla av lycka borde kanske vara f\u00f6retagsledningarnas viktigaste fundamentala uppgift. Att v\u00e4rna om de egna anst\u00e4lldas lycka p\u00e5 arbetsplatsen skulle kunna bli ett av de viktigaste \u2013 och billigaste! \u2013 ny\u00e5rsl\u00f6ften p\u00e5 f\u00f6retagsniv\u00e5. P\u00e5 den punkten finns det otroligt mycket kvar att g\u00f6ra, \u00e4ven i Sverige. \u00a0<\/p>\n

Men hur skall lycka m\u00e4tas? \u00c4nnu s\u00e5 l\u00e4nge r\u00e5der ingen enighet om den b\u00e4sta indikatorn. Det finns ett antal f\u00f6rs\u00f6k. Men forskningen kommer helt klart att g\u00e5 vidare vad g\u00e4ller \u201ceconomics of happiness\u201d. Detta \u00e4r en intressant forskningsgren med involvering av psykologi \u2013 men fortfarande i sin linda.\u201dLyckans ekonomi\u201d b\u00f6r ocks\u00e5 vara intressant f\u00f6r politiker och den ekonomiska politiken. Kritiker till \u201dhappiness economics\u201d h\u00e4vdar dock att \u00f6kad fokus p\u00e5 detta omr\u00e5de kan \u00f6ka politikernas populism (se till exempel Pierlugi Barotta). Det kan vara s\u00e5 \u2013 men jag tror att flertalet politiker redan idag vet mycket v\u00e4l, var och hur populistiska insatser kan bidra till (kortsiktiga) sympativinster.<\/p>\n

Som vi har sett, har \u201dlycka\u201d och \u201dlyckans ekonomi\u201d i ett historiskt perspektiv f\u00e5tt olika inneh\u00e5ll och tolkningar. Bruno Frey sammanfattar: \u201dThe study of happiness is just beginning in economics. It opens up challenging new areas. Further progress is especially needed in these four areas: the effects of happiness on behavior, consideration of a broader set of institutions on happiness; application of more advanced approaches in cross-national research and improved measurements on happiness.\u201d<\/p>\n

Alan B. Krueger, mycket k\u00e4nd ekonom fr\u00e5n Princeton, till\u00e4gger: \u201cMuch of what contributes to well-being happens outside markets\u201d. N\u00e4mnas kan bland annat<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u201ctype of governance she\/he lives under\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201csupport from friends and family\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c how we are spending our time\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c how we feel about health\u201d<\/p>\n

Slutsatsen finns n\u00e4ra till hands att det finns speciellt mycket att g\u00f6ra i det europeiska reforml\u00e4nderna. D\u00e4r skulle politikerna verkligen kunna se f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttringar i de d\u00e5liga ”happines”-rankningarna som en viktig m\u00e5ls\u00e4ttning.<\/p>\n

\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u00e4r ett \u00e4mne som passar v\u00e4l till dessa (jul-)dagar \u2013 och t\u00e5l att f\u00f6rdjupa sig i efter helgarna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Summary Psychology is gaining momentum in economic research \u2013 though with visible opposition from traditional economists. \u201cHappiness economics\u201d, for example, still is in its scientific beginning. Better skills in \u201chappiness economics\u201d may contribute to neglected welfare gains in a society. The risks for political abuse in the shelter of \u201chappiness economics\u201d should be limited in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":352,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\r\n\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d - a still unexplored research topic - Baltic Business Research<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d - a still unexplored research topic - Baltic Business Research\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Summary Psychology is gaining momentum in economic research \u2013 though with visible opposition from traditional economists. \u201cHappiness economics\u201d, for example, still is in its scientific beginning. Better skills in \u201chappiness economics\u201d may contribute to neglected welfare gains in a society. The risks for political abuse in the shelter of \u201chappiness economics\u201d should be limited in […]\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Baltic Business Research\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2009-12-15T16:03:14+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"hubert\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Skriven av\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"hubert\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Ber\u00e4knad l\u00e4stid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minuter\" \/>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145\",\"name\":\"\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d - a still unexplored research topic - Baltic Business Research\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2009-12-15T16:03:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2009-12-15T16:03:14+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#\/schema\/person\/ac4aba9641e918c080d4110e3b8b77a7\"},\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/\",\"name\":\"Baltic Business Research\",\"description\":\"Hubert Fromlet diskuterar den svenska och internationella ekonomin\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#\/schema\/person\/ac4aba9641e918c080d4110e3b8b77a7\",\"name\":\"hubert\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?author=352\"}]}<\/script>\r\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d - a still unexplored research topic - Baltic Business Research","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145","og_locale":"sv_SE","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d - a still unexplored research topic - Baltic Business Research","og_description":"Summary Psychology is gaining momentum in economic research \u2013 though with visible opposition from traditional economists. \u201cHappiness economics\u201d, for example, still is in its scientific beginning. Better skills in \u201chappiness economics\u201d may contribute to neglected welfare gains in a society. The risks for political abuse in the shelter of \u201chappiness economics\u201d should be limited in […]","og_url":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145","og_site_name":"Baltic Business Research","article_published_time":"2009-12-15T16:03:14+00:00","author":"hubert","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Skriven av":"hubert","Ber\u00e4knad l\u00e4stid":"5 minuter"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145","url":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145","name":"\u201dHappiness economics\u201d \u2013 ett forsknings\u00e4mne med sympativinster ; \u201dHappiness economics\u201d - a still unexplored research topic - Baltic Business Research","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#website"},"datePublished":"2009-12-15T16:03:14+00:00","dateModified":"2009-12-15T16:03:14+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#\/schema\/person\/ac4aba9641e918c080d4110e3b8b77a7"},"inLanguage":"sv-SE","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?p=145"]}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/","name":"Baltic Business Research","description":"Hubert Fromlet diskuterar den svenska och internationella ekonomin","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"sv-SE"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/#\/schema\/person\/ac4aba9641e918c080d4110e3b8b77a7","name":"hubert","url":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/?author=352"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/352"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=145"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=145"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=145"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogg.lnu.se\/fromlet-bbsresearch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}