China Research

A discussion forum on emerging markets, mainly China – from a macro, micro, institutional and corporate angle.

Superpowers focus increasingly on emerging countries

December 5, 2025

China’s increasing efforts in the emerging world have been clearly visible for quite some time, particularly in Africa and more lately also in South America. It seems possible that the U.S., Russia and China will be going to design a new world order without including the EU and the UK. This could be a very uncomfortable trend for Europe – a scenario which should not be ruled out completely by Western politicians and business people.

A new world order may be created

We currently do not know enough about the global ambitions of the U.S., Russia and China. However, certain strategies are about to crystallize. Particularly the predilection of President Trump for political agreements as kinds of business deals makes his future impact on global political developments most uncertain. Obviously, Trump sees a lot of promising commercial deals with Russia. Thus, the following scenarios or future developments do not look unrealistic:

First, there seems to be the common objective of the three superpowers – three if we include the military superpower of Russia – to weaken the EU as much as possible.

Second, the U.S. may be interested in regaining influence and power in its Central and South American backyard. Ongoing military intervention threats in Venezuela may point at such a strategy.

Third, major parts of Asia may in the future mainly – but not only – belong to China’s political priority. APEC ambitions may be still in place.

Fourth, Africa could become a strategic part of both Chinese and Russian foreign policy even more clearly than today, trying to crowd out the EU from this commodity-rich part of the world.

Fifth, Russia will probably try to maintain or enlarge its influence in what it considers being natural parts of their hemisphere in Europe and Asia.

Future FDI in emerging countries will need more political consideration

The idea of presenting the alternatives above is not about making a forecast. I am talking about scenarios which must not be equalized with forecasts. Instead, I want to take up a kind of possible outlook that the world may be about to change its political shape and distribution of power. A new world order may be created. If this is going to happen, many emerging markets may be highly affected. This would mean that future Western investments in emerging markets will need much deeper analysis than we have become used to in recent decades.

PS: Best seasonal greetings to all the readers and welcome back in January!

Hubert Fromlet
Affiliate Professor at the School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University

CO2 pollution in emerging countries

November 20, 2025

Currently, the climate conference of the UN is taking place in Brazil, unfortunately with limited involvement of several leading advanced countries. Particularly President Donald Trump has been stepping beside or even behind. Still, China, the U.S. and India are the main global CO2 polluters. Without strong commitment from these three countries, decisive global progress in the fight for a better environment cannot be achieved. However, this should mean all the same that better environmental conditions should be created in all emerging markets.

Many emerging countries among the top 30 polluters

According to global statistics, one still can find China clearly in the global lead of CO2 pollution in percent before the United States, India, Russia, Japan and Iran. Despite quite some progress in recent years, China’s CO2 pollution remains almost three times higher than the correspondent number for the United States and more than four times higher than India’s ratio (see https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/co2-emissions-by-country).

CO2 pollution by country, global share in % in 2023  (and share of pollution per capita)

 1      China                    33.98           (9.2)

 2       U.S.                       12.00           (13.8)

 3       India                        7.57           (2.1)

 4      Russia                     5.30            (14.4)

 5      Japan                       2.42            (7.5)

 6      Iran                           2               (9.1)

 7      Indonesia              1.73             (2.4)

 8      Saudi Arabia        1.60             (17.1)

 9      Germany               1.49            (7.1)

10     Korea                      1.47           (11.0)

11     Canada

12     Mexico 

13     Brazil

14     Turkey

15     South Africa

16     Vietnam 

21     Malaysia

24     Thailand

25     Egypt

26     Kazakhstan

27     UAE

28     Pakistan

29     Iraq

30     Argentina  

When it comes to CO2 pollution per capita, the picture looks more favorable for China compared to the U.S. I could hear this as a strongly positive argument on many occasions when I still visited China very frequently. However, my conclusion was from the very beginning that pollution per capita had to be regarded as a bumpy measurement since pollution never has national borders. I could hear this point of view with obviously strong passion during my visits on the southern Japanese island of Okinawa which had been – and still is – particularly affected by Chinese pollution.

Hubert Fromlet
Affiliate Professor at the School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University

Advanced countries lose and emerging markets gain export momentum

October 29, 2025

Below, we examine the WTO statistics on the main exporting nations. Many advanced countries had quite bleak performances in 2024 due to weak global demand. Quite a number of emerging markets on the other hand achieved more favorable developments. The magnitude of trade damage caused by President Trump’s protectionism starting in 2025 remains to be seen.

China was still the largest exporting nation in the world after a 6-percent increase in current prices last year, giving the Middle Kingdom a global export share of almost 15 percent. This was partly made possible as a result of further Chinese progress in the emerging world, particularly in Africa and South America. China counts for roughly 7 percent of total global goods exports. For 2025, China is predicted to achieve record shipments in Africa, Latin America and Asia.

India remains lagging behind, Vietnam is catching up

Despite the enormous size of the country, India still has not advanced further than to number 18 of the globe’s leading exporting nations. This is sometimes regarded as disappointing. However, one should remember that India for a long time only had very limited foreign competition at home and for this reason insufficient conditions for exporting to the rest of the world on a broader scale of products. India as a country is still catching up also when it comes to exports and product diversification.

By the way, only a few emerging markets are among the top 20 exporting nations – but they dominate in the third group from number 21 to 30. Particularly in the medium and longer run, they will most probably improve their positions further.

In detail, the list of the 30 leading exporters of goods in 2024 looked as follows (in billion USD, in brackets all changes in percent and in current prices in, source WTO):

1    China 3577 (+6)   

2    U.S. 2065 (+2)

3    Germany 1682 (-1)

4    Netherlands 921 (-2)

5    Japan 707 (-1)

6    South Korea 684 (+8)

7    Italy 674 (0) 

8.   Hong Kong 64z6 (+12)

9     France 639 (+11)

10   Mexico 617 (+4)

11   UAE 604 (+6)

12   Canada 569 (0)

13    Belgium 536 (-6)

14    UK 513 (-2)

15    Singapore 506 (+6)

16    Taiwan 474 (+10)

17    Switzerland 447 (+6)

18    India 443 (+3)

19    Russia 433 (+2)

20    Spain 424 (0)

21    Vietnam 405 (+14)

22    Poland 380 (0)

23    Australia 341 (-8)

24    Brazil 337 (-1)

26    Malaysia 330 (+6)

26    Saudi Arabia 305 (-5)

27    Thailand 301 (+5)

2    Indonesia 265 (+2) 

29   Czech Republik 263 (+3)

30   Turkey 262 (+2)

Source: WTO.org

Asia in the lead regarding suppliers from emerging countries

Interestingly, Asian emerging countries had the most successful export performance in 2024 (but again, without knowing how much they are now affected by Trump’s ongoing protectionism). This position can be expected to remain in place in the foreseeable future. It also should be mentioned that particularly Vietnam benefited more recently from shifting global supply chains.

Surprisingly, Russia remained also in 2024 quite a successful exporting nation due to oil and gas exports to China, India and other countries still dealing substantially with Russia.

Conclusion: Trade statistics from the WTO remain illuminating, especially on the corporate level – for both purchasing, sales and production managers.

Hubert Fromlet
Affiliate Professor at the School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University